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Friday, March 29, 2019

Relationship Between Media and Ethnic Minorities

Relationship Between Media and ethnical MinoritiesINTRODUCTIONAt present, the family amid the media and cultural minorities has become a name issue, and a peachy subroutine of professors aim done lots of relatively look on this topic (Entman and Rojecki, 2000). Moreover, media has been argued that they provide an overall ban line drawing of racial nonage assembly. Therefore, this report aims to critically analyze this argu workforcet. This account begins with illustrate the theory of cultural minorities, especially the racial nonage group. Then, the media portrayals of the racial were analyzed, which focused on analyzing the inkiness mountain and Islam groups password categories on the nates of enquiry evidences. Finally, this report in addition points that the journalists who working as the media shitrs also provide the interdict bureaus of the racial nonage group.THE CONCEPT OF ENTHNIC MINORITIESEvery country or large society contains ethnic minorities. They p roduce their own lifestyle, language, nuance and religions, which argon distinct from the former(a)(a) communities (Adeno, 2002). Moreover, the sociable positioning of the ethnic minority is non only relating to the numerical nevertheless also linking to the political power (Cottle, 2000). Specifically, the ethnic minorities swallow the following featuresThey have smaller population than the rest of the population of the state They positioned as a non-dominant group in the state They have their own religion, language, culture etc that are different from the national race Their members have a pull up stakes to track to have their specificityTheir members are not only the citizen of the state, but also give-up the g innkeeper to the minority (Greenberg and Brand, 1994).Apparently, they are not having a dominant position, and self-determination is the key issue for them (Cottle, 2000). That means ethnic minorities are a small group of people that have their specific personal behaviours in the state.RACIAL minority GROUPAt present, there is no conclusion or consensus near how to define, understand and analyse endure (Audrey and Brian, 2005). On the basis of the historical research, race was marked by their physical or phonotypical appearance that was distinct from the favorable groups (Levi-Strauss, 1996).Furtherto a greater extent, Malik (2001) thinks race is a physical form that has some common familial characteristics of the population. That means racial people are different from the national people in skin colours, beliefs and rituals, language they speak and so on. They are a small group existing in the state and different from the other national people. MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF RACIAL MINORITY GROUPThe media plays a significant intent in providing the mapation of the racial minority group to the public (Law, 2002). This let on mainly focuses on analysing the portrayals of racial minority that are provided by the media. grisly AS A PROBLEM AND A THREAT historically, the US parole insurance coverage of contrabands has charactericticsed as the people were lazier, less intelligent, less moral and more prone to crime than Whites (Stokes and Reading, 1999, p191). Moreover, as the first West Indian immigrants arrived at Empire Windrush in 1948 and the heel of total darkness people resident in Britain has change magnitude to more than one million. The word immigrant has been a synonym for bare although there has a large number of white immigrations at the comparable period. Therefore, nearly people would think well-nigh the rise of the mysterious people when they see the headline of IMMIGRANT BIRTHS UP (Bashi, 2004). Moreover, most white people imply dark pig custodytation associate with dirt, poverty, low social status, low intelligence, animal sexuality, primitiveness, strength and a general inferiority, due to this the white people also touch base immigrants with undesirable behaviours together such(prenominal) as mugging, gangsters, rioters etc (Hartmann and save, 1974, p202). Furthermore, a large number of Britains mainstream medias portrayal racial minority group in a controvert way in the headlineDaily Express MORE ASAINS ON THE WAY TO JOIN 4-STAR MIGRANTSDaily Mail WE WANT MORE bills SAY 600-A-WEEK MIGRANTSDaily Telegraph MIGRANTS HERE JUST FOR THE WELFARE HANDOUTS solarize ASAINS OFF TO THE WORKHOUSEThe Times HOMELESS ASAINS LIKELY TO BE MOVED TO WORKHOUSE BY END OF WEEK COUNCIL SAYS (Gurevitch et al, 1982).Obviously, all of these reports show that the word immigrant represents the racial people, and each of the tidings showpaper has used interdict words in the headline to run along the news about racial immigrants. As a consequence of this, the readers have built racial stereotype of immigrant reports, which means they form a controvert sense of immigrants equal to Coloured people, and they will think scorch or other coloured people when they see the word immigration (Campbe ll, 1971). This readers disconfirming impression about racial people is due to the large number of oppose media coverages. In addition, a survey relates to the describe of members of immigration shows that 61% of the content was oppose (Fowler, 1991). All of these inform that the media exactly provide negative portrayal of racial. Furthermore, Sivanandan (2001) manifested that the media has demonised the Blacks. Because of these negative portrayals of the racial minority group, the audiences will appear racial people when they see the word immigration in the newspaper or on the picture. Dennis and Pease (2000, p21) also mentioned that the news think to immigrants are ceaselessly bad, for example, a newspaper from New York describe the headline in this wayIn December 1993, a Jamaican immigrant killed six commuters and wounded 17 others in a rush-hour concourseacre. That indicates intelligibly the media connect the racial minority with the negative words massacre in the headl ine instead than only describe the correctt. So, the media has provided a negative representation of the racial minority group. BLACK CRIMINALS REPORTINGSAccording to a media research by the US social scientists, the core reports of Black people in the television set and film is usually connect with wildness, crime, disease and some other negative words (Anwar and Shang, 1992). For example, a movie named Menace to Society that do by a Black man, which was full of disservice and negative portrayal of Black men. Additionally, another film Colours describe Black men as animals and they engage in tearing without emotion (Barry, 1993). Furthermore, the computer programmemer of Cold boldness portrayals Black wrongdoers as evil when they have committed a murder, epoch white offenders were delineate as clever even intelligent criminals (Hall, 2008). In terms of television and film, Black men are always portrayaled in a totally negative way, and this has made the audience have a ra cial stereotype. In addition, compared with the white offenders, portentous people were always describe as stupid offenders in the television or film.In the US, how the media represent the race minority group has become a key issue. For example, the journalists not only provide the news stories about nigrify individuals, they also take in examples that will describe the category of black Americans and be compared to whites attributes of themselves (Braham, 2007). So, this makes the readers have a negative racial stereotype of race minority group. Moreover, on the basis of two data rears (ABC, CBS, and NBC nightly news programmes taped during January, February, and March, 1990, and a set of full verbatim transcripts of the ABC nightly news for an entire year), the researchers institute that the media has represented black as the source of trouble and the data was shown in table 3.2.1This table illustrates intelligibly about the news coverage of blacks. The most frequent news c overage about black was crime in the topical anesthetic news press, and the third most common topic related to black was victims, which indicates black has a non-dominant status in the state. Moreover, the news coverage relate to crime and victim account for 46.4%, which take nearly half of the inform portrayal blacks as the threats to American society. Further, according to the data depth psychology result, almost 60% of news stories focus on negative representing about black events, and also the politics describe provide non-positive messages for the blacks (Karnig, 2007).In terms of crime news, there is a significant different between media portrayals on blacks and whites, 77% of news stories about black are concerned with violent or medicine crime, while 42% about white crimes (Riggins, 1992). This contrariety indicates the media portrayal the overwhelming volume of black news stories relate to violent, drug crime or other negative words. Moreover, the local news study fo und that the blacks are twice more than whites shown in the physical storage area of a police officer (Mirrless, 2006). As a result of this, image of blacks are more threatening than the white because the media reporting. ISLAM AS TERRORISTSAccording to research by Richardson (2004), the data shows that the negative words always appear in the Islam news, which account for nearly 97%. In the USA, the media represent an overall negative image of Islam after 9-11 events. Times magazine analyses 140 reports (2003 May 5 to November 24) about the Islamic world after the end of the war in Iraq, and describes as a violent terror, ignorance and timidity of the Islamic world, even portrayal as the birthplace of a devil for Americans (Gerges, 2004). For todays US and European public, Islam is especial(a) unpleasant news. Moreover, both the media and government portrayal the Islam is a threat to occidental civilization (Poole, 2002).In addition, Times provides several major makeups in the Islam reporting the first major theme is abouthe terrorist organizations, terrorists, terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism operations, which accounting for 36.4 second major theme post-war situation in Iraq that accounting for 22.9 third theme accounting for 11.4% that relates to the dictatorship of Saddam Husseins sons, atrocities, and the traces of his son and property and followed by Islamic countries and terrorist organizations (7.9%) and authoritarian backwardness of Islamic countries, as well as the peoples tragic life and guard (5%) (Gerges, 2004). These results indicate that the media nearly provide a whole news stories that make Islam and terrorism together. Furthermore, Times reports for the Islamic world is always associated with terrorism and tyranny, and the media contract to summarize the Islamic civilization with ignorance and warlike character. Meanwhile, there is no reporting about the daily life of civilians in the Islamic world (Kandiyoti, 2006). afterward the 9-11 events in 2001, the whole media institutions in the USA describe Islam in a terrorism image, and almost all the citizen fear of the Islam (Poole, 2002). All these reporting indicate that the media only focus on providing a negative image of Islam to the audiences, which always make Islam connect with terrorism in the news reporting.DOMESTIC REPORTINGS OF THE RIOTS callable to the two bombs was exploded in the UK in 1999 the domestic reporting of the riots has increased in the UK (Lewis, 2000). Generally, the domestic reporting such as the Times, the Guardians, Independent and sunbathe have interpreted black people associated with conflict, controversy and deviance (Richardson, 2004). Moreover, Hartmann and Husband (1974) found that there always appeared race combined with conflict or violent words in the headlines of press news in those quartette newspapers. Further, these newspapers have the similarity news coverage, which are immigration, relations between black and whit e, legialation to control immigration (Braham, 2007). In addition, according to the Leicester Universitys Mass Communication research, the citizens wear more attention to consider the threat of the coloured people to them rather than the housing, education and employment about the coloured people. All of these research evidences have confirmed the media reports in the local concentration of ethnic groups described in negative news, and 97% of the news coverage of race links to crisis, violence and other prejudicial words. Even the news end with that the coloured immigrants has habituated us a threat (Anwar, 2004). This has proved that the media provide a negative image of racial minority group.In terms of crime news reporting, the media always show more mug shot of the Black offender rather than the white perpetrators (Entman and Rojecki, 2000).In that case, the continuously negative reporting of Black men will lead the audience have a negative racial stereotype, which associate m urder, abduct, rape and other negative word with Black men automatically (Bryant and Oliver, 2009). In terms of the reports of domestic violence, Troyna (1987) shows that the media focus on reporting the result rather than the reason when the news covered of violence between racist offenders and white victims. Therefore, the negative representation of racial disturbance was made by the media, and the news framework was based on the black comportment and the news coverage was full of conflict and tension. In addition, a research about journalists found that they used to make prejudicial stereotypes to portrayal Britains minority communities. (Cottle, 2000 Gabriel, 1994 Harmann and Husband, 1974 van Dijk, 1989) In that case, journalists stereotypical representation about race minority communities will appear in the press, which lead more and more negative portrayal about racial.JOURNALISTS PORTRAYALS OF RACIAL MINORITY GROUPIn the join States, due to historical reasons, whites have a relatively higher status rather than other ethnic groups such as the African-American, Asian Americans, and Hispanics etc accordingly the US media are more likely to evaluate other minorities from this white-dominated mainstream culture perspective (Cottle, 1992). In terms of the media, especially the mainstream media, white accounted for the vast majority of journalists for a long time the proportion of white journalists and commentators is overwhelming advantages in the news and catamenia affairs programs, and it is difficult to see Asia and other minority journalists or reporters during the news or programmes (Fife, 2007). Hence, this imbalance in the distribution of personnel department also contributed to the media ethnocentrism. More accurately speaking, that is a white-dominated media culture and perspective (Entman, 1990). Moreover, the worse is that those who live in the United States-led class advantaged groups are difficult to move in the existence of ethnocentrism and impact, and if this trend continues, the spread of sensitivity (sensitivity) would be weakened of other ethnic or vulnerable groups and also they would be cold or weak outlook for other groups to see the damage. They even thought it was the immunity of the press, information, entertainment, or objective comments about the reportings of very serious racial favouritism or personal prejudice (Sonenshein, 1993).For example, the famous CBS radio show host Don Imus has dismissed because he calling a black female athlete hair volume prostitute in the program for black college women basketball in 2007.In the last century 90s, another well-known program host Bob Grant was forced to resign because he commentate a black mayor as a toilet cleaners (David, 2007). However, these commentators do not think that their remarks would cause great harm to the black community, because they are in mainstream classes (Kanellos, 1994). Hence, this unbalance distribution of the journalists and the in herent racial favorable position of white press journalists, will inevitably lead to negative news coverage of the race. CONCLUSIONTo sum up, according to the above analysis of the researches, it is clearly to see that media really provide negative portrayals of racial minority group. Whether the newspapers, television or website, there always appear the black or Islam news event associated with violent, drug crime, terrorism and other negative words, this inform that the media has represented the black or Islam as a negative image to the audience, even make the audience have a race stereotype, which means the audiences will connect the black or Islam people with the negative words such as immigrations, threat to us, terrible and violent etc automatically. Hence, the media really provide a negative portrayal of racial minority group and even capture the sudiences image of race people.REFERENCEAdeno, A. 2002. Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities. sec ond capital of the United Kingdom intelligent press.Anwar, M and Shang, A. 1992. 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