What’s Up with Pasta

Whats Up With Pasta Q1 We deficiency to understand and look into wherefore the Spaniards ar spending relatively less on Pasta than its European neighbors. Current grocery query make by AEFPA offers insufficient data, so we privation to improve data quality. The main goal is the get a clear demographic segmented grocery store overview. One of the problems is that we s runnot clearly depict the potential and current alimentary paste consumers clearly we simply do not love enough about of core target group. In add-on we need insights on consumer behavior and habits as we do not know what drives the consumer decision when choosing pasta and when declining pasta.Another advantage of a broad food market correction would be that it would become clear if there be segments in the market currently not being explored. As a result we get out be able to clearly identify the market entry barriers for pasta. agree to our calculations (Appendix 1), there is an underutilized yearly market cracking of EUR 87Mln. Given this signifi potentiometert come up we find it justified to spend 0. 2% (Eur 175. 000) of the market gap initializing the market search plan, collect the data and train the analysis.Costs to merchandising strategy, marketing cooking and implementation are not included in this figure. We estimate the general cost of the market research exit be Eur 132. 800 Judging from unaffixed discussions with contacts in Unilever and Kraft Foods, our estimate seems to be on the low side. Q2 methodological analysis We are interested in conducting both quantitative and qualitative research. In our opinion we need both elements to fully understand the market. This volition onlyow us to better segment the market. Starting point of the quantitative research is the detailed quantitative research already d iodine by AEFPA.The geographical sales overview, distribution channels and sales pr. pasta image, mustiness be investigated muchover. We suggest co nducting a demographic naval division overlay to this data, as the segmentation give serve us by dividing a large creation/ model into specific customer groups. We are opting for the demographical segmentation as we comport to receive a large amount of data that otherwise would not be feasible to analyze. Therefore, we cluster the in mixed bagation to make patterns of sub-groups visible and lead enable to identify consumer profile and behaviors.We refer to this as top-down market research. The consumer behavior can only be partly captured in the demographic segmentation, so to ensure we choose a bulky experiment of data, we interpose a bottom-up process by initiating Shopper Insights research. Shopper Insights will in accompaniment to bring to additional data on behavior also go out invaluable insights to the customers perception of pasta. The aim with Shoppers Insight is to passively monitor the customers behavior in the situation of purchase at point-of-buying to learn about the conversion rate.Unilever defines Shoppers Insight as focus on the process that takes place mingled with that first pattern the consumer has about buy an contingent, all the way through the selection of that item. This is further underlined by practical examples from Kraft Foods Switzerland, who has provided access to their methodology to this group. We will be adopting the methods of 5 Ss to conduct our Shopper insights research and conduct this across the difference distribution channels menti unrivaledd in the case.Detailed explanation in Appendix 2 By making use of both top-down and bottom-up quantitative research, we feel we have adequate data quality. nevertheless it is critical to maintain a satisfactory sample surface. We assume our sample pool will be the entire Spanish population. There are many considerations when choosing a sampling size. We consider it a tradeoff between costs and sampling quality as there is a genius-dimensional relationship between t he sampling size and the cost. We estimate that the sampling size must be at least 384 people. See further dilate in appendix 3.To finish the research we introduce Consumer Insight which is a qualitative overlay. Personal interviews with customers will be done immediately aft(prenominal) the consumer has been observed in the Shoppers Insight. The sample size when conducting qualitative research is less important as there is no need for statistical significance, so we will be highly selective when choosing participants. Actually we will aim to only interview the High-Consumer and Non-consumer segments found in the top-down demographic segmentation research.This will provide strong qualitative data for creating the marketing strategy and planning. These topics will not be discussed in this paper. Q3 Implementation As we want to build in the existing data from AEPFA, significantly more(prenominal) data collecting must be done. We would conduct a look back on a large sample, using these four variables Age, flavor-cycle stage (the life cycle stage of a consumer group defines what will be the need of that particular customer), Gender and Income. In addition questions in pasta purchasing history and frequency would be asked.The questions will be designed so the answers can be directly comparable across the entire sample. This can be achieved by having a 1-5 scale designed on which the answers must fit one of the numbers. Example Question How often do you eat pasta, Possible answers 1 Never, 2 ones a day, 3 ones a week, 4 ones a month, 5 ones a year. By constructing all questions to fit such answer-schedule, we will be able to achieve statistical significance. The result will be a clear segmented group, where we can establish who are the current consumers (core buying segment) and non-consumers (core anti-buyers).We commit these segments should be targeted for further pe cabbageration. Next step we passively and discretely monitor the consumer at point-of-buyin g using the 5 Ss approach (See appendix 2). We will be have in all the distribution channels mentioned. This can be done via video or via physical presents. It is paramount the customer is unaware she/he is being monitored as this potentially would influence the buying habits. The consumer segments found higher up the consumer and non-consumer will be specifically targeted in the monitoring. I. e. hen a consumer fits one of the segments, the monitoring will be initiated. We wish to focus on these segments callable to costs, but could increase the sampling to all customers across all segments if cipher would allow. As the quantitative research should not stand alone, we would initiate in-depth interviews with more open-ended questions to better grasp the motivation behind the choice make by the customer. Such questions could be Why did you buy pasta, What type of pasta do you normally buy, why did you buy pasta instead of rice or potatoes. . For the non-consumers questions coul d be Why do you hold rice/potatoes instead of pasta, Which pasta products are you missing in the shop etc. We believe the quantitative and qualitative output of this vast research plan, by identifying the two interesting segments and dwell into their motivations behind their choice, would form an excellent base for developing an effective market strategy and for creating an overall marketing strategy for Pasta in Spain. ? cecal appendage 1For the calculations of the market gap difference in current and potential market we have anticipate the following Current year is 1990. Potential year is 1992. Population has increase by 0. 6% from 1990 to 1992. Euro/Pesetas exchange rate is 166. 386. (Official final fixing when Spain choose the Euro) Consumer behavior in terms of demand of the different pasta types is idempotent from 1990 1992 Pasta determine was inflated with 4% from 1990 1992. Consumption of pasta arise 1 kg pr. Capita from 1990 1992 Pasta securities industry in 1 990 Pasta Market in 1992 ? APPENDIX 2The 5 Ss method is designed so marketers can observe a customer from move into point-of-buying (POB) to final transaction. The method works on two takes 1. Consumer level The consumer are monitored so we follow the target discreetly around the POB. We observe how the consumer Sees, Scans, Spot, make interest and (potentially) Select the product we represent. This gives us valuable information as we can identifies were in the process we lose the customer (also call Fall-out). The communication rate is computed as number of consumers selecting our product out of shoppers entering the POB.The net sales for a given party is highly sensitive to changes in conversation rate Only a small increase in conversion will generate a (relative) large increase in sales. 2. Store layout and the category placement in POB. We can observe the customers superpower to find the product in POB is the product visible to the consumer, where on the shelve is it plac ed, is it placed with complementary goods? or supplementary goods? After the research is concluded feedback will be delivered to POB to improve visibility if required. ? APPENDIX 3 We recognize the sample size of 1067 is a (very) rough estimate.We opted for an net resource from Creative Research Systems as we decided to focus our resources on the research planning and method. The sample size is computed using Confidence level 95% Confidence Interval (margin of error) 5% Population 40000000 We believe these input factors are comparable with real-life statistical simulations. ? APPENDIX 4 As we require a specialized set of data and therefore need a specialized report, we assume such report must be order and bought directly at a Market Research company or institute under normal circumstances.As it is specialized we assume the price will be high, so budget with a one-time payment of EUR 75. 000. We have only very little foundation for making this estimate. It was the conclusion of a co nversation between marketing executives on Linkedin. The bottom-up research will need to conduct 384 observations in order to fulfill to the minimum sample size requirement found in appendix 3. Based on information from marketing sources at Kraft Foods, we consider it realistic one market researcher can conduct 25 observations in one day. This results in 15. 3 days of work at an assumed casual rate of EUR 1000

Online Billing System Essay

POS, roll System, Networking and Web Based System be one of the most useful systems for the company. Nowadays, because of our technologies its easy to transfer the contrasting information in different branch of company with the help of our computers and too the system.Almost all businesses use a POS process. There are legion(predicate) reasons for this. Many businesses have multiple locations. POS terminate help to automate transactions and it base records all the sales events in the organization or we force out say it fucking use it to make transaction easier. Every employee can also see all the transaction that has been made.Inventory System can be used for transactional updates or it can view all the functional stocks and disclose out of stock products or items. Inventory System can have many advantages and are suitable in availability and display the in and out of stocks products.Networkings usually use to connect the POS and Inventory system to all branches of the CreamlineDairy Corporation. Web Based System has many advantages and is favored in POS, inventory and networking particularly notifying your outstanding sale. The company have been encountering many problem in terms of no link depot and master(prenominal) name. They fate to connect to the other branch, or we can say they want to view their point of sale and inventory system to their entire branch.The train of our system is to let every branch of Creamline be updated to the transactions of sale by the help of networking. The develop system will be a great help to the employee but of course for the manager even if they are not in the organization. Creamline Dairy Corporation located at unit 701 Prestige tower condominium, F. Ortigas Jr. Ave.(Fromely Emerald Ave.), Ortigas Center Pasig City 1605 Philippines.Creamlines plant and head office is located at Bldg. 5210, C.M. Recto Highway, Clark FreeportZone, Pampangga.

German bombers Essay

Children began to move back into the cities. This caused the short letter upon the British g overnment, money was need to support huge propaganda campaigns to get parents to put children back into the countryside. As soon as the phoney war was over and cities became the targets of German bombers there was a rush to get the children back to the countryside, substance a second trip for many, a waste of both quantify and money. In spite of all this evacuation was a success as its valuable points outweigh the bad.When German bombers gave up on attacking British airfields and war machine targets, they employed the tactics of bombing British cities, hoping the country would pause in by submission. This was known as the Blitz, during which Britain suffered over 43,000 casualties (a relative rugged number compared to bombing raids on Japan and Germany in the latter stages of the war) and except a small percentage of these were children. The whole event, though it had faults was plan from 1935 and planned well. Albeit speed proved not to be crucial for the evacuation, the British managed to avoid a million and a half battalion in 4 days an impressive feat by any standard.The transportation was likewise well organised with many trains leaving from the city into the countryside and all stretch their destination without hindrance. With the number of people being evacuated, accomplishing anything of worth was a dangerous task. In spite of this, schools were relocated, so children could continue with their schooling. The government did not guide foster parenting a completely thankless tasks, the governments paid carers (a good inducement for some though many were already rich). There was also the genial good of the evacuation. Will many city people eventually endpoint up in the countryside there was a mix of cultures rural people could see how badly some people in thecity lived, and the city children could learn more about the countryside. For many child ren a new look of living had been introduced to them. Though these factors were of no significant value to the war political campaign but helped improve people conceptions of the country. Considering things from a military prospective, the evacuation was a success. During the war, the Luftwaffe battled ferociously with the Royal Air Force. However the Germans changed their tactics, instead of bombing airfields and military installations they concentrated on major cities. Though not widely publicised, Britain suffered prominently from the bombings.Nearing the end of the war, the Germans changed their bombing tactics again, they now used the dreaded V1 planes and ulterior on the V2 rockets. The latter caused much death and destruction and no demurrer could be found. Britain lost many buildings and lives. Britains casualties for children however was relatively low, because or so were safe in the countryside. The safety of the children was a boost for moral, workers knew that thei r children were safe. Cities would also lease more efficiently with out the hinderance of the elderly, young and disabled. Evacuation was a great success I believe so.

Improving Math and Science Scores in Middle School Essay

maths and Science argon 2 offsprings which virtually educatees at all take aim approach with trepidation and intense dislike, however, twain subjects be constitutional to cognitive thinking. Not lonesome(prenominal) go out these subjects stick out skills that allow for ease educatees think to a great extent clearly, tho students pull up stakes be give lessonsmanally winnerful finis-to-end their indoctrinate c beer, enjoy wider c atomic number 18er choices and clear up more than m matchless and lonesome(prenominal)(a)y after graduation. Thitherfore, evinceing a strong foundation in these subjects is integral to future arrogatenish and c beer succeeder.However, studying these subjects in heart and soul naturalise is even more difficult. Studies bring in maneuvern that the transition for a student from elementary educate to nerve centre school is faculty memberally and psychologically difficult. concord to Maurice Elias in an member entitled, Mi ddle direct Transition Its Harder Than You find, many former elementary school students argon non surface prepared for the demands of middle school.They urgency explicit instruction, coaching, and support with regard to organizing sentence and resources for menagework serveing to work that is more challenging and requires more effort rationality and addressing the converting expectations of t apieceers in different subject areas and accomplishing much(prenominal) prefatory undertakings as taking nones and taking tests (Elias, 2001). Unfortunately, this same sentiment resonates to solar day with the sweet York metropolis Public crop strategy, specifically, middle schools located in low income areas.The New York City Public initiate System is struggling with maths execution in the makes beyond elementary school. Over 30% of the citys elementary and middle school students score at the lowest direct of the state math test and only 34% of all students path that test. The mathematics job seems connected to the third study trend in the data, the low feat of middle and junior highschool schools in the city. In twain mathematics and English Language Arts, the citys middle and junior high schools seem to be the weakest link in the system (Domanico, 2002).Recently, the math state scores were released further underscoring the middle school math problem that exists. Results showed that while 75. 3% of students at the elementary level passed roaringly only 38. 9% of grade eight students passed (Andreatta, 2006, 11). As such, the intent of this study, base on the aforementioned information, is to evaluate and make recommendations with regard to middle school students in a particular school who bem accustom been struggling with two subjects. This study ordain focus on a middle school, IS 166- George Gershwin Schoollocated in eastern United States New York.The decision to choose IS 166 was qualified on a few factors among which included t he fact that the territorial dominion at bottom which it is located is considered a virtual educational dead zone by a Civic Report drafted by the Manhattan Institute for Policy explore (Domanico, 2002). Additionally, after reviewing the New York City division of knowledges websitewhich provides an overwhelming inwardness of information on every public school in the city as sanitary as their progress over fresh old age in the core subjectsit was found that of the schools within the 19th School ruleprimarily East New York, IS 166 is one of the worst execute schools.The schools silly schoolman performance is further exacerbated by the outstanding grades displayed by an untried(prenominal) school in the 19th School territory such as IS 409East New York Family Academy and international of the fixednessize a nonher school MS 114, located in dominion 2 (Manhattan), whose grades superseded the citys level as puff up as the states level. The graphs below illustrate how I S 166 performed poorly in the crush going 2 social classs on the state Math and Science exams relatively to other schools, specifically IS 409 in the same district as swell other schools in other districts.The finally two graphs will show the difference with a higher playing school such as IS 409 and thitherfore will confirm why this study is going to be conducted. IS 166- George Gershwin School Math and Science Grades Source New York Department of Education (Division of judgment and AccountabilitySchool Report Cards 2005). Definition of the Levels on which the scores for both subjects are based Level 4These students evanesce the standards and are moving toward high performance on the Regents examination.Level 3These students meet the standards and, with continued steady growth, should pass the Regents examination. Level 2These students need extra help to meet the standards and pass the Regents examination. Level 1These students present serious academic deficiencies. Sour ce New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and AccountabilitySchool Report Cards 2005). The aforementioned graphs showed how poorly IS 166 has performed in the last two years in both Math and Science. In Math, the number of students performing at Levels 3 and 4 has decreased from 22.2% in 2004 and 17. 5% in 2005. The number of students tested for Level 3 was only 60 and for Level 4 only 3 of 361 constitutional students. The remaining students, as displayed on the right hand side of the graph, are still at a Level 1 which as mention by the above definition means that they are in knockout need of assistance. Therefore, for the purposes of the study, the soft touch population will be defined as in need students. Although there has been a s legerity increase in Science, the results are still less than desirable when compared with other schools in the district and the City.As seen in the graph, only 14% of the students passed at Levels 3 and 4 in 2004 and by 2005, on ly 18% were able to pass at the same levels. Therefore, if IS 166 continues on this trajectory, it will continue to be labeled an underperforming school that graduates below average students incapable of performing the basic tasks in both subjects. The goal of the evaluation study is to thoroughly review the problems that exist and hopefully get the school to achieve grades similar to IS 409-East New York Family Academy quondam(prenominal) in the near future as is reflected in the following graphs.IS 409- East New York Family Academy Math and Science Grades Source New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and AccountabilitySchool Report Cards 2005). As famous in the above graphs, IS 409 is performing extremely well at Levels 3 and 4 and has outperformed schools in both math and accomplishment in the district (which is truly exceptional presumptuousness the neighborhood and its history) as well as other City schools. Very few students if any are far below the stand ard in both subjects.Moreover, as noted forrader, other schools such as MS 114 and IS 289 located in District 2 fill maintained exceptional scores over the two year stopover. For 2004 and 2005, MS 114 scored 88% and 81% consecutively in Math and 97% and 91% in Science. IS 289 in addition scored high grades-for both years in Math, the school displayed 83% and 73% when compared to other schools in the district and city and in Science, they scored 87% and 82%. Other schools in other districts from Queens and Staten Island have to a fault demonstrated solid scores.This makes designing a broadcast even more of a anteriority in light of the above compose comparisons. The study will not focus on the students at all levels in the middle schools but specifically, the eighth grade students destined for high school who have yet to grasp the infallible skills infallible to imitate and have been the center of test score outline over the years. These eighth grade students will be approx imately 14 years old but depending on factors such as repeating a grade or special unavoidably, the age may vary from 14-16 years old.As noted to pay off with, they will be compulsive as in need students and the study will attempt to identify the worst performing students by looking not only at grades but by chance contributing factors such as income, special needs, and possible nuisance involvement. The rectifyment of Math and Science scores is a gargantuan task which requires a major overall of the school at all levels, however, to deject the following function are needed and they are but not limited to ?Offering training sittings for the math and knowledge teachers.The difference among not only IS 409 and other schools in District 2 is that the teachers have more experience, education, and are less likely to be absent more than average. The training sessions will be implemented on weekends or outside(prenominal) whichever is more convenient for the teachers and will be do prior to establishing an after-school(prenominal) platform for the students. The training sessions will allow teachers from higher performing schools an probability to impart their techniques for achieving higher grades.?Offering a separate informative session for the head word, Maria Ortega, so that she is more knowledgeable on what is needed to succeed in both areas. In well-nigh cases, the jumper lead of a school has a general opinion of what is needed in around(prenominal) subject areas, however, if the top dog is more involved, informed, and fully comprehends the nuances of the subject matter, then(prenominal) she will be able to make best(p) choices in hiring and understanding the pedagogics of the curriculum. This is an idea which originated out of reading the case of MS 114 in District 2 which showcases a principal that has not only taught but has written Math books for children.Also, in IS 289, the principal knows each student individually and is fu lly acquaint with their needs. ?Offering additive services for children that may range from an after-school track to extending class hours to oblation classes on the weekend. One of the schools in District 2 really has classes that last at least 50 minutes large(p) students a better prospect to absorb the stuff and nonsense thereby performing better in exams. ?Offering course of instructions that will incorporate the parents as well. perchance this will be in conjunction with the after-school weapons platform.As noted, most of the students in this district are from low income families and perhaps some of the parents are in low paying jobs or living on welfare. The parents give the sack take advantage of the class by refreshing themselves with the basic concepts of each subject so that they may assist their children and perhaps help themselves. computer broadcast THEORY In order to address the dire academic pip at IS 166-George Gershwin School, and before implementing an after-school program, it is authorized to address the issue at the higher levels which means analyzing dogma techniques and more importantly, principal participation.At the substance for Civic Innovation Luncheon featuring Chancellor Joel Klein held on Thursday, October 5th at the Harvard Club, Chancellor Klein began his speech with an analogy of the leaky roof and the squeaky floor. He say that there was a school located in uptown Harlem that had a leaky roof and a squeaky floor. One day a repair man came to repair the floor and the custodian verbalize that the floor cannot be laid prior to the roof being fixed to which the repairman replied Thats not my concern, I am just here for the floor. The Chancellor began his speech with that story to underscore the problems with the NYC Education system.He believes that everyone wants to fix the underlying problems without addressing the issues at the surface. The Chancellors story may be applied to the case of IS 166 and any oth er school in need of rectifyment. Many observers and parents are often led to believe that their children are primarily the problem in achieving higher scores and possibly that their children omit the intellect to truly analyze or process the information given to them. However, it is just as important for the heads of the respective schools to be cognizant of what is needed to improve these scores and the principal is just the person to envision this.Therefore, before implementing a program, we have recommended that Principal Maria Ortega participate in a briefing session lasting approximately one month in the spendright after the end of the school year and before the hiring season beginsfor at least 4 hours a day, three long time a week. fit to distinguishs of comprehensive school reforms in Chicago and Louisiana, the schools academic success was primarily attributed to the principals in charge and the contributions they made throughout the reforms.In one report, it stated t hat highly transactionive schools communicated expectations for teachers. The principal was active in on the job(p) to improve teacher skills ineffective teachers were let go. Moreover, the principals played an important habit in foursome areas a) selection and replacement of teachers b) classroom monitor and feedback c) support for improvement of individual teachers and d) allocating and protecting academic time (Good et al, 2005, 2207). Therefore, implementing a program or briefing session solely for Principal Ortega would help her improve in all these areas.Principals, under Chancellor Kleins tenure, have been given more empowerment opportunities and have more responsibilities to ensure the success of their schools. IS 166 has been categorized as a prenomen I School In Need of Improvement (SINI) under the No Child Left privy Act (NCLB) and as such, Principal Ortega has to work harder than ever to improve the english, math, and science scoressubjects that are integral to a students academic success. The program we have suggested will illustrate to Principal Ortega that math, in particular, cannot be taught in the traditional manner, that is, victimisation rote.In fact, the National Council of teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) advocates the breeding of an inquiry-based mathematics tradition. Students taught using this tradition are encouraged to explore, develop conjectures, prove, and problem solve (Manswell Butty, 2001, 20). Students are best able to absorb the material in not only math and science but other subjects if the teachers are able to present it in an interesting manner that entails connections to the outside world. Principal Ortega should similarly be beaten(prenominal)ized with the requirements for the exams and then know exactly how the rung should approach student preparation.She should also ensure that with respect to math, she adheres to the recommendations Lyle V. Jones reiterated in his article entitled Achievement Trends in Math and Science in which it was stated ? Only teachers who like mathematics should teach mathematics ? The chief intent of school mathematics should be to instill confidence ? Mathematics teaching mustiness be based on both contemporary mathematics and modern pedagogy (Jones, 1988, 333). After completion of this program, and hopefully with a better understanding of what is needed to improve the scores at IS 166, the next trample would be to address the teaching staff.As noted, the methodology utilise is integral to ensuring that the students comprehend, absorb, and analyze the information being disseminated. If they fail to process the information then they will ultimately perform poorly in the state exams and possibly continue to do so throughout high school. We recommend prior to the beginning of the academic year, and the implementation of the after-school program, that teachers, specifically, the math teachers enroll in a summertime institute similar to one reported in an articl e entitled, Toward a Constructivist Perspective The Impact of a Math Teacher InService Program on Students.The reason being is that the teaching of math more so than science requires certain techniques that are far from the traditional methods that most teachers employ. The summer institute in the report offered participating teachers intensive two-week summer institutes and weekly classroom follow-up during one academic year. Moreover, they received an opportunity to reexamine their ideas about the teaching and learning of mathematics.During the summer institutes, these teachers experienced mathematics classes in which they were encouraged to construct solutions and ideas and to communicate them to a grouping. They analyzed student understandings as revealed in interviews and they planned lessons which reflected their evolving ideas about mathematics learning and teaching (Simon and Schifter, 1993, 331). Teachers need to plan their lessons in such a manner as to engage the student s so that they may effectively communicate their thoughts or problems with a particular issue.In fact, after completion of the summer institute, and after the teachers began using their newfound techniques, the results were noteworthy and ranged from students stating that its fun to work math problems to Id rather do math than any other winsome of homework to I like to explain how I solved a problem(Simon and Schifter, 1993, 333). Therefore, using the above referenced example, the summer institute that we jut for the math teachers will last approximately three weeks in the summer and it would begin approximately mid-August prior to the beginning of the academic year.This program would be mandated by the principal and would include veteran staff members as well new ones brought on board. Another factor that teachers have to take into friendship is the population they cater to during the academic year. IS 166 consists of predominantly black and Hispanic students residing in East Ne w York and its surrounding environs, thereby, making them not only an in need group in terms of grades but an at essay group in terms of their backgrounds and predisposition to engage in illicit activities.Many believe teaching techniques are generic and if they are assiduous in one school then they may be applicable in another. However, studies have shown that minority children in low income neighborhoods require a different set of techniques employed. jibe to Manswell Butty, African-American children have further been identified as favoring four learning styles a) person-centered, b) affective, c) expressive, and movement oriented (Butty, 2001, 23).Therefore, teachers need to custom laboratory or group exercises, discussion sessions, or instructional uses of medical specialty and the visual and dramatic arts, especially when those pedagogical techniques promote Black students greater academic involvement, interest, and performances (Butty, 2001, 23). However, this is not a g eneralization implying that all minority children respond to this technique but most will probably respond positively. Therefore, teachers must be made aware of the group of children that they are great dealing with and ensure that they employ the above referenced techniques to garner success.In fact, there are Learning through Teaching in an After-School Pedagogical Laboratories (L-TAPL) in California and New Jersey, which not only offer a program for elementary students but also serves as a practice-rich professional growing for urban teachers. The program aims to improve the achievement of urban students and the competence of their teachers (Foster et al, 2005, 28). According to the Foster article, numerous studies, policies, and programs have addressed the persistent problem of underachievement among poor urban students and its array of possible causes.The NCLB links teacher quality to meliorate student achievement, especially among low-income urban children of color. Consequ ently, improving teacher quality has contract one of the hallmarks of current reform efforts (Foster et al, 2005, 28). These laboratories groom future urban teachers to deal with students similar to the bum population at IS 166. And as such, as an resource to our summer institute, the teachers are vindicate to enroll in the program offered by this lab in New Jersey.Therefore, taking into account the above referenced studies, improving teacher quality is of utmost importance when taking into attachment the improvement of math and science scores. All of the above has brought us to the most important element of the study establishing an after-school program. Establishing an After-school Program-Resources Funding nether the NCLB Act, Title I schools, such as IS 166 that are listed as Schools In Need of Improvement, have failed to reach student achievement targets that have been set for every school.This means the school has failed to meet state proficiency level for all students in English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science and/or high schools graduation rate. Schools falling in the above referenced category may be eligible for Supplemental Educational Services (SES). SES include free after-school/weekend remedial help or tutoring services. The SES provision offers providers an opportunity to offer low-income children, who may be struggling in school, extra academic help and individual instruction.Through SES, innovative leaders and educators can take leave a new tutoring program or expand an existing one to serve more students (New York City Department of Education). However, instead of using an SES providerwhich in some cases the DOE will offer contracts of over a million dollars to provide services to various schoolswe will request additional funding that would have been used to acquire an SES provider to establish the after-school program by ourselves with the assistance of The After-school Corporation (TASC).TASC is renowned for establishing successful after-school programs and have no contract with the DOE and thus, are not labeled SES Providers. In addition to wanting to establish a program using solely school staff, it is important to note, that there have been some(prenominal) complaints about SES providers and most are being investigated either by the peculiar(a) Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District or the tycoon of Special Investigation and in the best interest of the target population, we have decided to forego those providers.Therefore, the funding used from SES will be used to offer per session rate for the teachers participating in the program as well as pay for the advisor from TASC. The funding will also be used to acquire additional supplies such as the KidzMath program which is highly popular and is used around the country to get students provoke in math and to improve scores. Funding will also be used to secure additional bus emigration from the Office of savant Transportation a s well as food and refreshments for the children.Staffing and Facilities The program will be housed in the school recreation room and so there will be no need to rent a installation to do so. The program will be supervised by the TASC consultant who will preferably be someone from the community who is familiar with the target population and can easily relate to their situation. The principal and assistant principal will take turns observing the classes and ensuring that the teachers and participants are abiding by the rules.The teachers will be eighth grade math and science teachers who deal with the target population on a daily basis and who are familiar with the problems they are experiencing. Additionally, the teachers will be assisted by high school students who are well versed in the subject areas, who have been recruited from dwell high schools and would like to add an after-school tutoring activity to their resume. Therefore, these students will not be paid but will use the after-school program as a learning experience.Participants The students participating in the program will be chosen based on their past academic performance in grades six and seven and chastisement to show any signs of improvement. To reiterate, this program is geared specifically for eighth grade students, ages 14-16 years old, and will begin a month into the beginning of the academic year towards the end of kinfolk early October after the students and teachers have settled in the new semester.letter will be sent to the parents at the beginning of the academic year notifying them of their childs progress and advising them that the program is mandatory if they are to improve and move on to high school (the letters will be followed up by phone calls). While the school has no holiday resort if a student fails to attend even though it has been marked mandatory, offering a voluntary program usually encourages those that are substantively not in need of it to participate and those t hat do need it usually dont.The parents will be informed of the structure of the program and the fact that transportation will be provided so that their children will be taken home safely after the program. In fact, parents who may not be operative full time or at all will be encouraged to observe or participate in another session that will help them to understand what their child needs to improve. The session, which will last as long as the tutoring session, will more than likely be conducted by the assistant principal or a math/science staff member and will give the parent an opportunity to be truly acquainted with the activities being conducted.This program may also be helpful to them as well as some of these parents lack the basic educational skills that are necessary to obtain a job. Activities and Schedule found on successful programs in Arkansas, the after-school program we will establish will mirror these successful programs and therefore, the program will entail classes o f one and a half hours each day, Monday through Thursday between the hours of 3pm and 430pm. Mondays and Wednesdays will be use to math and Tuesdays and Thursdays will be dedicated to science.The sessions will be divided into 40 minute periods during which the startle period will be dedicated to the teacher illustrating the subject material and the number period will be dedicated to the students participating in groups and working together to complete the work presented in the first period. The students will get a ten-minute break during which they will receive refreshments. In the Camden School District in Arkansas, school officials credited the success of the after-school programs to the schools being released from the tolerable Yearly Progress (AYP) status under the NCLB Act (Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families, 2006).Throughout the course of the program, teachers will be encouraged not to utilize the same material or techniques used on a daily basis. The teachers will be reminded that the program is geared towards individuals who have a negative attitude toward the subjects which may be as a result of not only failure to comprehend the material but also the teachers accent on traditional methods. Therefore, the program will forego any vehemence on memorization, computation, and equation and will focus on modeling and real world problem solving. Engaging in group work, especially in math, has proven to be successful and will be the focus of the program.According to Jones, group work differs from cooperative learning in its lesser violence on the teacher as instructor and its greater dependence on students teaching other students. Moreover, cooperative learning procedures as dependent first on instruction by the teacher, then on practice enmeshed in actively by members of an naturalized student team (often of four team members), has evidence that supports the efficacy of the approach to elevate not only achievement but also self-esteem, inter personal effectiveness and interracial concord (Jones, 1988, 328).Therefore, the students will work together in groups over the period of the academic year and will be exposed to hands-on experiences, games, and projects. KidzMath should really be a good stimulant and with the assistance of the teachers, the students should be motivated. Teachers will also be encouraged to maintain a weekly progress report which will ultimately be used to assess the programs progress.Another aspect of the program would entail having the Principal establishing stronger ties with the community and acquiring more community leaders involved by dropping by the after-school program to give advice and encouragement to the students. Students are not only stimulated by various activities that are outside of the norm of the regular classroom but are also stimulated by social occasion models or individuals they deem to be successful from their part of the neighborhood.According to a report done on the Chicag o School Reform, the schools that experienced major changes and improvements were led by principals who were strong veteran leaders with good relationships with their topical anaesthetic school councils and the community (Hess, Jr. , 1999, 79). Additionally, incentives can also be offered for the students in the program which will encourage their continued participation and potential success and can range from visits to museums or amusement parks if they have showed refined improvements.While these children who performed poorly are from low income families, and a reduction in poverty rates might have a salutary effect on measured school achievement, according to Lyle V. Jones, the influence of poverty on educational achievement may be ameliorated by introducing school-parent programs to improve academic conditions in the home. After reviewing nearly 3,000 investigations of productive factors in learning concludes that such programs have an outstanding record of success in promotin g achievement (Jones, 1988, 327). interpretation of Logic Model.Inputs consist of the fundamental resourceshuman and capitalthat the program needs in order for it to achieve its goals. These resources consist of funding for per session rates for the teachers, payment for the TASC Consultant, supplies such as KidzMath, transportation, and refreshments. The most important resources needed are the children to whom the program is directed. Activities Once the fundamental resources are in place, the schedule has been established and the techniques for teaching have been agreed upon, then the after-school program will proceed as planned throughout the academic year.The sessions will be conducted four days a week, Mondays and Wednesdays, for math and Tuesdays and Thursdays for science lasting 1. 5 hrs each period. The sessions will entail a great deal of group work and collaboration along with potential visits from community leaders and role models. Outputs Upon implementation of the prog ram, it is important to ascertain if the program is reaching its target population, if the services provided are being done in the manner discussed and if the population are benefiting or if they have any concerns those will be noted throughout the assessment.This will be done by conducting site visits, performing observations and conducting surveys. Outcomes If the program is successful in achieving its goals, then the immediate goals will see the students fleeting their in-class tests and ultimately the state examswhich has been the focal issue with the school and the reason for the Title I status under the NCLB Act. The long-term goals include the participants of the program actually going on to high school and possibly even college. From that occlusion onward, if students succeed in college, they may even pursue challenging careers thereby improving their socio-economic status.The reason the logic diagram is done in a cyclical manner is to demonstrate that if the program is su ccessful and the students do improve significantly, then the school may be eligible for the same amount or a higher amount of funding which they can use to increase their resources for the input phase for the upcoming academic year. PROGRAM butt Once the program has been implemented, it is important to ascertain if the services are in fact being delivered as planned and if the participants are learning with the teachers employing the new techniques as discussed.In order to do this, we will conduct an empiric study as fashioned from the TASCs site visit procedures in addition to teacher and parental surveys to see if they have noted any differences in the children participating in the program. This assessment will be done halfway throughout the semester at approximately the end of January which will also coincide with the first set of state exams (students also take these exams towards the end of the academic year-approximately June).The assessment will begin with a two-person team (my coadjutor and I) visiting the after-schools program for two days a week, for a total of two weeksone day for math and the other for science. The visit will include an interview with the principal and assistant principal (who, as noted before, would have taken turns monitoring the program).

Prisoner Abuse Essay

IntroductionPris atomic anatomy 53r ill-usage is one of the biggest businesss faced by the society. It is one atrocious hassle in legion(predicate) countries worldwide. thither atomic number 18 m either kinds of handle fuck offd by incarcerated men and women, with informal curse beingness the most serious case since the perpetrators is non hardly co-worker hustles just now lock up guards and prison house house house staff in addition. Over population is as well as one conformation of iniquity since the take of the captives ar non correctly prone cod to the scarceness of resources brought about by huge population.Drugs and do drugs maltreatment be is still prevalent in the prison world. Drugs urinate been noted to live a detrimental install to captives the repair which ovalbuminthorn stick up for a lifetime. These kinds of call should be given repayable punishments be ca-ca the convicts, no matter how serious their offenses be, still deser ve to receive treatment that is rightfully accorded to a homophile being.More and more(prenominal) inmates atomic number 18 stepping inside send backs both year. Majority of them reckon extreme crime that level(p) places to death of nigh unfortunate inmates. It is saddening that these postulate intercourses of prisoners ar hindered by m some(prenominal) factors. They cannot demand for justice because their behaviors and emotions be controlled by administration everywhere them. in that respect atomic number 18 excessively multiplication when their complaints ar not acknowledged since they argon already incarcerate due to heavy crimes. This problem however inevitably to be understand since the effect of the demoralize is not only physical it excessively affects the sociological and mental aspect of human race beings.However, prisoner abuse is an unfortunate phenomenon that can still be prevented and controlled. Everyone is entitle to fight for his or her human rights. This also includes even the prisoners who ar convicted with a crime, and they should not be denied of these rights.Defining prisoner ill-treatmentPrisoner abuse happens to incarcerated men and women done mistreatments. Incarcerated individuals suffer twice the punishment given to them because of black jail guards, jail employees, and co-prisoners. atomic number 53 of the ways in which inmates suffer abuse is through torture. As cited in the human beings Rights website, torture in prison is defined as all act by which severe agony or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a mortal for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third somebody cultivation or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or affright or coercing him or a third person, or for any origin based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation o f or with the take over or acquiescence of a public official or separate person acting in an official dexterity (Fathi, 2008).Violence among prisoners by helpmate prisoners or jail guards and employees is also rampant. It is a great problem that should be addressed immediately. Prisoners of all cultures, races, ages, and social status ascertain abuse at some points of their lives in prison.The socioeconomic status and cultural land insure a significant influence in the impact of prison fierceness. Poor prisoners atomic number 18 more ilkly to experience abuse because they cannot live to hire attorneys to defend the kind of life they deport in prison. Those who be not natives of one country are inclined to have question when calling out for help because they are not speaking in that countrys run-in (Richie, 2000).Forms of Prison guyPrisoner abuse comes in various forms, all of which cause harmful effects to potent and effeminate inmates. It comes in the form of p hysical, psychological, knowledgeable and verbal.Physical AbusePhysically, the prisoners are abused through hitting and continuous beating. Physical abuse whitethorn also manifest as armamentd work assigned to the dupes which is not a part of their punishment when they are convicted. This also includes depriving them of their basic needs such as food and clothing by cruel jail employees. The growing population of corrections may also be considered as form of physical abuse. Due to the large population that results in scarcity of resources, the prisoners do not receive an adequate make sense of their basic needs (Idaho Observer, 2006).One of the most controversial and disturbing issues regarding prisoner abuse is the at long last degrading treatment of Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib in Iraq by American soldiers. A report do by Higham and Stephens (2004) at the Washington property narrates how the Iraqi detainees were physically violatedPreviously secret sworn statements by det ainees at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq describe in raw decimal point abuse that goes well beyond what has been make public, adding allegations of prisoners being ridden the like animals, knowledgeablely fondled by young-bearing(prenominal) soldiers and forced to retrieve their food from toilets (Higham & Stephens, 2004).Many of the prisoners who experience physical abuse, particularly those in the Abu Ghraib, are treated like animals. Prisoners are also out of touch with the real world. Their socialization is hindered by galore(postnominal) factors. They do not have the capacity to fight back since they are already convicted for the crimes that they made. Other cases of physical abuse go as further as the prisoners death.Verbal AbuseThere are also instances of verbal abuse to prisoners. They are called imbecile, idiot, moron, and other nasty manner of speaking by jail guards in order to humiliate them (Higham & Stephens, 2004). Higham and Stephens (2004) add that some of the detainees described are being abused as punishment or discipline subsequently they were caught fighting or with a banned item (Higham & Stephens, 2004).According to the Idaho Observer (2006), the guards tend to think that the inmates always do something wrong. One of the guards admitted that if they catch the prisoners lips moving, they assume that the latter are not telling the equity (Idaho Observer, 2006).Words that are usually thrown by jail guards to inmates are often harsh and hard to take. These words are more lancinating and humiliating. There are also instances when prisoners who commit mistakes in front of their swearing prisoners are being shouted at by jail guards and employees. These are really unbecoming ways of treating prisoners because it damages their self-esteem and has bad effect on their mentality (Higham & Stephens, 2004).Psychological Abuse Discipline is far unalike from torture. However, some jail authorities resort to using psychological abuse an d mask it as a method of discipline for prisoners. This happens to prisoners by heart of taunting, white noise, and not allowing them to quietude. much(prenominal) cases of psychological abuse may lead to mental disorders. There are also threats given out to prisoners which cause paranoia and mental and emotional torture. Drug usage in prison may also lead to psychological disorders (Idaho Observer, 2006).One good example of psychological abuse in prison is cited in the May 2006 Idaho Observer report. The verbalize report states that the abuse in the prison may manifest subtly. or else of inflicting physical harm on prisoners, they are being abused by toying with them psychologically and emotionally. For instance, the jail employees leave the lights on for 17-and-a-half hours straight (430 in the morning to 10 in the evening). The guards also disturb the prisoners sleep by pointing the flashlights on the latters faces every 60 minutes or so, slamming the doors, and speaking lou dly (Idaho Observer, 2006). Obviously, lack of sleep lead cause ones mind not to give out properly. This kind of maltreatment in prisons is still rampant until today. familiar AbuseThe most popular abuse among prisoners is sexual abuse. There are more cases of forced sexual intercourse inside corrections. This abuse leads to diseases like precaution and HIV. Sexual abuse is done by forcing prisoners to have sexual demote with jail guards, jail employees and even their co-inmates. Sexual abuse is not only limited to prison guards and employees. It also occurs inside jail bars, the co-inmate being the perpetrator. staminate to male sexual encounter occurs because they dont have any choice but to satisfy their sexual needs by abusing their fellow male inmates. On the case of young-bearing(prenominal) prisoners who were sexually abused, lack of major big businessman hinders them to report the incident. There are times when sexual abuse to female prisoners occurs with the conse nt of the victim. However, this is still a violation of the law (Idaho Observer, 2006).Types of Prison AbuseCases of maltreatment and mistreatment inside corrections take place when jail guards, any prison employee, or co-prisoner does something inappropriate to other prisoners. It comes in many offensive forms depending on the type. Although something bad is done by the inmate it is still improper to treat them like animals. It is still a case of abuse of power by jail personnel and a violation of human rights.Drugs in PrisonUsing illegal drugs, drug trafficking and other drug think cases cause individuals to be jail. To end the promulgation of drugs, the drug pushers are detained in jails. However, the issue on drugs does not end here. Some correctional offer the use of drugs among prisoners. Others are forced to use it while those who are already users before entering the bars continue to use it. Addiction among inmates of the prohibited drugs is also attributed to stress tha t they experience in such environment (Uchtenhagen, 2007).Because of drugs being trafficked in jails, inmates who used to use drugs mildly prior to being imprisoned may become highly addicted to drugs. On the other hand, those who do not have any history of drug use may turn out to be drug users as their method of cope with stress and depression (Managing Drugs in Prison, 2007). Source of prohibited drugs are jail employees, jail guards, and those inmates who still have contacts on drug suppliers exterior.Other causes of drug abuse inside prison are related to other types of abuse. When one prisoner is abused sexually, he/she is bribed by things like drugs to obviate complain about the incident. Those prisoners who are users of drugs being incarcerated are blackmailed by using the victims personal cravings to drugs to get their consent and agree to be molested. Those prisoners who are weak are being bullied and forced to use drugs by those who are superior inside their cells (Man aging Drugs in Prison, 2007).The effects of drug abuse to prisoners are really permeating. They cannot act and think normally because of substance abuse. Their relationship with individually other is also affected as well as their relatives outside the prison environment (Managing Drugs in Prison, 2007).Overpopulation in PrisonEvery year, more and more people are being incarcerated because of many debates. Some are guilty of their crimes while others are victims of injustice. The emergence in the number of prisoners equates to great demands for resources and space inside the prison vicinity. However, the inmates are being abused by corrupt prison personnel who ask help from the government to aid the scarcity of prison resources like food, beds and others. In some cases, normal and mentally ill prisoners are combined in one place which makes the attitude worse. Prisons which are overcrowded are, more often than not, unsafe as they warn of a riot erupting any time (Idaho Observ er, 2006).One of the reasons for prison overcrowding is the imprisonment of big(predicate) women. Women who are big(a) birth in prisons also increase at the same time. The problem here is not only the fit of the female prisoner but the condition of the infant being born in that kind of environment. The problem arises before and during the delivery since medical support is also inaccessible inside prisons.Sexual Abuse in PrisonIn some cases of sexual abuse in prison, bribery is included to avoid reporting the bad incident made to prisoners. Those who were abused are given cigarettes, drugs, clothing, access to telephone and other prison privileges in replace of sexual encounters. Offering goods to prisoners makes the sexual abuse possible because prisoners crave things that they only experience outside.Food and drugs are mutually used to perpetrate the abuse. Threats is also conglomerate when forced sexually abuse is done. However, sexual abuse perpetrated by female inmates doe s not fall in the context of rape. This is because in that location is no force used to perform the abuse. Girls are often framed by probation officers as being overemotional and needy (Gaarder et al., 2005, p. 578).Male rape is a common thing inside prisons, but as for female prisoners, the enemy is not their fellow prisoners but some(prenominal) worse. They are the male prison guards and correctional staff. Female prisoners who are sexually coerced by jail guards give in because of fear. Sexual abuse is also used in most prisons to dispense up more serious problems like drug addiction and carrying of vitriolic weapons loafer bars. There are also cases when sexual abuse serves as the key to escape from jail. Correctional employees assist the escape of female prisoners with whom they have sexual involvement (Human Rights Watch 1996).The problem of sexual abuse among women prisoners is much worse precisely because of their sheer number. Research shows that the United States has earned the annotation of incarcerating the most number of prisoners. Most of these prisoners are women and their number is increasing dramatically at a fast rate. According to studies, since 1980, the number of women entering U.S. prisons has been brocaded to almost 400%, which is roughly double the incarceration rate increase of males. According to current statistics, nearly half of all female prisoners have experienced some form of sexual abuse prior to incarceration (Human Rights Watch 1996). The most common sexual abuse in prison always incorporates violence in it. In a report made by the Department of Justice in 2004, there are 8,210 allegations of sexual violence according to correctional authorities, the equivalent of 3.2 allegations per 1,000 inmates and youths incarcerated in 2004 (Department of Justice 2005). When violence is mixed with sexual abuse, it is really damaging on the part of the victim. There are physical disabilities that may occur, including broken bones and joints, skin injuries, and many more. The worst cases of prison rape lead to the death of prisoners. sack cases also happen to male prisoners. There are male prison guards and correctional staffs that take advantage of the authoritative power and force male prisoners to have sex intercourse with them. Then they disguise their revolting act, by affect as comfortors of the prisoners. It often involves conference of prisoners in order to scare the heading prisoner to be ravaged. It is a setup made by having group of prisoners bully the victim and threatening him with body harm. At the point that they will hurt the victim, the so-called protector will try to defend the victim and scare the groups away. In order to repay the savior (a jail guard, a jail staff or a co-inmate), the inmate will be asked to do favors and be repaid sexually.Causes of Prison Abuse Abuse of power is the primary(prenominal) reason why there is such thing as prison abuse. Those who are in function take a dvantage of their power and demands many things from others. Such dominance causes abuse and torture to poor convicted criminals trapped behind bars. The lack of courage to speak for the truth and shout for justice is also a reason why the abuse is done over and over to prisoners. Cases of sexual abuse are included in this example and cited in the Human Rights Watch website. These are the words of a male prisoner who was raped inside the institution. As he recallsIve been sentenced for a D.U.I. offense. My third one. When I first came to prison, I had no idea what to expect. Im a tall white male, who unfortunately has a small amount of feminine characteristics. And very shy. These characteristics have got me raped so many times I have no more feelings physically. I have been raped by up to 5 black men and two white men at a time. Ive had knifes at my head and throatThere is no supervision after lockdown (Human Rights Watch 2006), When a prisoner looks appealing among the rest, there is a great chance of being molested by prison guards. Some prisoners use their charms to have access to other things like phone calls and extra food during meal times (Human Rights Watch 2006). effect of Prisoner Abuse The effects of prisoner abuse can last a lifetime. The trauma and depression can be inculcated in the minds of prisoners who were physically, psychologically, verbally and sexually abused and leave them scarred permanently. Those who were brutally abused through physical means have traces of scars and bone injuries that cannot be treated anymore. There are also cases of physical abuse when one inmate is forced to have a tattoo by their fellow inmates. The denial put comes in when they are visited by their relatives and ask what happened to them. They will try to dissemble the fact that they are abused by people who should have looked after them and just discipline them instead of giving them torture. Most prisoners are white-lipped of telling the truth because har der punishments will be given to them by their perpetrators (Men in Prison, 2008). Mental illnesses are also developed as years go by inside prisons. This is because the wide spread of drug abuse is rampant. It is seemingly known that prohibited drugs cause malfunction in the brain. Other diseases like STDs (Sexually Transmitted Disease) and AIDS are attributed to sexual abuse inside prisons. This is the man in the prison system which has been institutionalized in the societya kind of system that contributes to the perpetuation of violence inside prisons (Men in Prison, 2008). Prisoner abuse also has sociological effects on the prisoner. The traumatic experience causes fear and trauma that will make him separate himself from everyone. The issue of women inmates giving birth to their child is also included because of prisoner abuse. The child is automatically separated from the mother once born inside the prison. In effect, the child may grow up without the necessary care and att ention which is judge to be given by the biological mother.There are even cases of pregnant prisoners who are raped by prison guards. Such sexual abuse is really unbearable for the victim and their families. It does not only impact the prisoners but the institution as a whole. The reason why they are incarcerated is for them to be disciplined and not to be tortured and abused (Acoca & Austin, 1996). Sexual abuse makes the institution not credible in disciplining the prisoners. Instead, they themselves should be incarcerated as well. When prisoners experience abuse, the effects can last a life time. The nightmare will forever haunt them and may lead to mental incapacitation or death at the worst. Those who experience sexual abuse and accumulate diseases stimulate themselves committing suicide than suffer the illness daily. On cases of female prisoners who are raped, there is greater possibility of being pregnant. Being mentally ill is also an additional risk of being sexually abuse d (Acoca & Austin, 1996).Rights of Prisoners Although a person is found guilty of a crime, there is still no reason for him/her to be abused inside prisons. There are several studies cover various changes regarding situations of prisoners. Most of the express report involve abuse without due punishment given to the perpetrators. Everyone has the right to seek for justice even if you are already set behind the bars. Inmates do not deserve any kind of abuse inside the correctional. They are placed there to be rehabilitated and disciplined, not to be punished twice for their misdeed. According to the report made by the Justice Departments Bureau of Justice, prison population in the United States has grown to 2 million inmates (Longley, 2007). The said seek also shows that the escalating number of inmates heightens the problem of sexual abuse while incarcerated. Such demands about this problem should no longer be ignored handicap measures need be done eradicate this problem. The ri ghts of prisoners as cited in the Human Rights Website (2008) are based from the International Covenant on Civil and governmental Rights (ICCPR) in 1992. These rights address the following(1) All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.(2)The pen system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation (Fathi, 2008).ICCPR also guarantees prisoner who were abused that there are remedies at hand to counter such violation of their human rights. The said covenant includes the following(a) To go steady that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, thus far that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity(b) To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legis lative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by the legal system of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy(c) To ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted (ICCPR, Art. 2, sec. 3, as cited in Fathi, 2008).Solutions to Prison Abuse Aside from the rights and privileges mentioned above, there are a mixture of solutions to end this abuse among prisoners. There are organizations and government groups that help victims of prison abuse. There are also preventive measures that can be followed so as to stop the occurrence of any kind of abuse. lot against prisoner abuse are comprised of individuals who seek for justice for those abused prisoners.One of the organizations that have been fighting for inmate rights is the People Against Prison Abuse, organization established in 1994 to help inmates and their family. The said organization aims to assist the families and friends who are currently imprisoned (Peop le Against Prison Abuse, 2008). It attempts to address the following concernsThe tax being paid by taxpayers over the past several years are said to be spent more on prison inmates than public education but it is not visibly seen.The medical care of inmatesOvercrowding is always ignored which should not become a norm.Mentally ill prisoners are not properly taken care of and are often abused by guards because they are not trained on how to deal with such conditions.The physically challenged inmates do not have the medical care, equipment, and/or facilities to enable them to be a functional human inside the prison system(6)The vast number of industrial prison complex staff (wardens, guards, and medical staff) commit worse crimes than majority of inmates so they should be punished. (People Against Prison Abuse, 2008).The aforementioned concerns are some of the many appeals of people who want justice for prison abuse. It is also substantial to support organizations like this to make a ll people aware and to change the government to investigate conditions within our prisons and to pass legislation to protect prisoners from abuse ( mark Prison Abuse, 2008).Conclusion It is saddening to note that the judicial system which is supposed to protect the oppressed likewise offers no solution to this problem as it would consider this problem as an internal matter and would rather allow prison officials to handle this matter amongst themselves. The indifferent attitude of the correctional officials to one inmate raping another is likewise depressing. It renders much harmful effects on the condition of the prisoner and the credibility of justice.Prisoner abuse is indeed a pervasive in penal institutions. This problem however is preventable and controllable if preventive measures will be enacted and the government will responsibly address the issue. The retort need not be limited to their strict punishment as avoidance measures may be instituted as a matter of prison policy . The governments often have limited resources on giving the right pursuit process for victims and offenders (Hoffman, 1993, p. 1552).Prisoner abuse should be given immediate achievement so that it will never happen again. Abuse of authority should not be tolerated. This is a serious problem needed to be solved immediately. Not only because the victim is already convicted, but because the victim is a human. Every human being has indelible rights. Conviction for a crime no matter how heinous it is will not strip him or her of these rights.ReferencesAcoca, L. & James, A. (1996).The Crisis Women In Prison. Draft report submitted to the Charles E. Culpepper Foundation. San Francisco, CA National Council on abuse and Delinquency.Hoffman, Paul (1993). The Feds, Lies and Videotape The Need for an Effective Federal Role in Controlling Police Abuse in Urban America. Southern atomic number 20 Law Review, 66, 1522.Higham, S. & Stephens J. (2004). New Details of Prison Abuse Emerge. The W ashington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A43783-2004May20?language=printerHuman Rights Watch. (1996). All Too Familiar Sexual Abuse of Women in State Prisons.Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//hrw.org/reports/1996/Us1.htmHuman Rights Watch. (2006). No Escape Male Rape in US Prisons. Retrieved April 30,2008 fromhttp//www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report.html_1_2Idaho Observer. (2008). Seven Years Abuse in Idaho Prison. Pro-Liberty Network. RetrievedApril 30, 2008 from http//proliberty.com/observer/20060520.htmIts Not My Problem. (2008) Men Stuff Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/jailhouserock.htmlLongley, R. (2007). U.S. Prison community Tops 2 Million. About.com. Retrieved April 30,2008 from http//usgovinfo.about.com/cs/censusstatistic/a/aaprisonpop.htmPeople Against Prison Abuse. (2008). People Against Prison Abuse. Retrieved April 30, 2008fromhttp//www.peopleagainstprisonabuse.com/page 1.htmlRichie, Beth. (2000). Exploring the Link Between Violence Against Women and WomensInvolvement in Illegal Activity. U.S. Department of Justice. Research on Women and Girls in the Justice System.Stop Prison Abuse. (2008) Stop Prison Abuse. Retrieved April 30, 2008 fromhttp//stopprisonabuse.org/Uchtenhagen, A. (2008). Drug Prevention Outside and inside Prison Walls. Joomla.Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http//www.drugtext.org/library/articles/97817.htm

Healthy Eating

Bab 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita B6 D1 E1 Technological devices which ar suitable for overcoming the limitations of down and listening Microphone Microphone set abtaboo sound louder and clearer . We often drug ab physical exercise it when we giving informations at busy and noisy place Hearing support Hearing aids bottom of the inning be defined as whatsoever devices that amplify the acoustic signal to a degree that enable individuals with watch loss to use their remaining hearing in a use ful and efficient manner Stethoscopes Helps doctors to descry lung, stomach and the soft heartbeats of patients .The listener cigarette hear normal and abnormal respiratory, cardiac, pleural, arterial, venous, uterine, fetal, and intestinal sounds. Telescope To canvass further purposes such(prenominal) as stars and planets. Besides that, it consists of two lentiform lenses ( eyepiece lens) opera glasses Provide stereoscopic vision of distant objects for chance oning tiny object . A pair of identical background mounted side by beside in the same direction solelyowing the viewer to use both look when viewing distant objects. Ultrasound scanning device To scan and see the fetus a pregnant mother .Shaped like microphone is touch against the area being scanned . It in like manner send reveal very broad(prenominal) frequency sound waves into the area being scanned. Technological Devices To Overcome bounds Of parade Microscope Instrument to magnify objects such as virus and cell . To see object that are too small to the naked eyes dramatize glass To magnify tiny objects appear larger than the original shaped. The convex lens use to produce magnified image of an object . It also called a hand lens in lab context . The awaitrict magnifying power -10 to 15 timX-rays X-rays can also be used to detect the condition of certain organs or detect of bones. In checkup X-rays . The X-rays penetrate the internal soft body tissues and form images on a film which can be examined by a radiologist Limitation of Sight & Hearing Introduction Humans flummox sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Limitations of sight can be control by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope . The range of frequency of hearing is 20Hz and 20000Hz.Hearing loss can occur at any age, but most often affects individuals that are between the ages of threescore five . Following have been identified as causes for hearing loss, a built up of ear wax, he departureitary and degenerations . Doctors have been able to evaluate roughly forms of hearing loss to inner ear nerve defame that can be caused by overexposure to loud environments. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using appropriate hearing aids such as stethoscope ,megaphone, microphone ,earphone, headphone and others . All of these devices help us to make our life easier.Healthy consumeHaving a healthy equilibrised food affects every aspect of your health and appearance. Noticeable signs of an unhealthy diet are dull, weak hair poor gum and teeth health, and weight gain. An unwholesome diet can also cause chronic illnesses such as diabetes, gamey cholesterol, and heart disease. Being conscious of what you eat through out the day leave alone provide you with the energy and nutrients required to survive and go on healthy. You should eat a variety of foods from every food group to thread the essential vitamins and minerals for optimal health.The major food groups are grains, which includes breads and pasta heart and legumes, such as fish, nuts, and beans harvest-festivals and ve breakables including green leafy vegetables and sweet potatoes dairy products, such as milk and yogurt and healthy fats and oils. The goal here is to rivet non on dieting, but on a healthy salute to take in. If you clasp up with your conscious healthy eating habits, as clock goes on you give also start to see a metamorphose in your weight. Even just losing as circumstantial as five percent of body weight can improve your riptide pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.Eat what you love, and love what you eat. Learn how to get in touch with your hunger. No one eats perfectly all the time, but when you start to remunerate attention to the taste of food, you can be satisfied with out freeing overboard. You can eat everything you emergency still but do it in a moderation. You can choose to have one or the other. For example, if you want to have dessert thusly codt have a glass of wine. If you bechance to be craving french fries from McDonalds go for it Skip the beefburger and the McFlurry.You dont need to deprive yourself with the food that you love. DeLuca 2 Many people hear the word diet and may get discouraged and think they toss do it because they dont like healthy foods and it just doesnt work for them. rightfully to have a devout diet is to just balance out your calories so you can just ind ulge in one or the other, while still keeping you sane with your cravings. Healthy eating is non a diet. It means making changes you can live with and enjoy for the rest of your life. Diets are temporary because you give up so much when you diet.After you gibe dieting you may also over treat yourself to make up for what you have missed. Eating a healthy, balanced variety of foods is far much satisfying. Other than balance and moderation a change to fitter eating also helps you learn about variety. Be adventurous and try contrary foods. For example, dont reach for an apple every time you choose a fruit. Eating a variety of foods each day will help you get the nutrients you need. Another big problem that many folks seem to try with is to have a big full breakfast in the morning.Maybe your devolve or busy, it can even be that you might just not have enough time for that. What many people may not know though is that eating fully in the morning will give you energy for the day and by bed time you will have it worked out. After taking pleasure in your tremendous breakfast, aft(prenominal) a couple hours its only normal to start to feel empty-bellied again so you will go and look for something to snack on. Snacking is not bad, its actually quite good You can enjoy your favorite invigorated eats with out guilt all day.Just space them out. If you love high calories foods such as nuts, dairy, peanut butter, etc. you can eat it all Spacing out meals keeps your metabolism high which means you will ceaselessly burn calories, keep your blood sugar levels stable, and your stomach and mind satisfied. DeLuca 3 Having a busy week schedule may also be another reason as to why some people dont get the healthy nutrients that they need, because you just dont have enough time to eat. Well if your constantly on the go then you need to get your energy somehow.You can prepare healthy meals the shadow before hand and keep them in containers that you can take on the go with yo u the next day. You can also pack nuts and fruit to bring to the office so you can snack, because regard as its a good thing to do. After a long hard work week, or an exhausting week with school or your children its only normal to confound a few back When leaving out for cocktails you should always keep in mind the calorie benefits with your alcoholic beverages. As you should know some beverages are better than others calorie wise.You can pick a red wine over a sugar infested margarita and you can also patronage the dark liquored drinks for the light. Just a few small changes like this can go a long way. We all need a little discipline in our lives. So all in all remember that conscious healthy eating is not dieting. The small moderation changes, the variety, and the balance of healthy eating will give you a longer healthier life with out making huge drastic changes that puts a charge on your normal everyday life. If you start these small changes today, you are going to be happ ier with yourself and how you feel in the long run.

Air traffic essay Essay

Today more masses state that the administration have to lighten walkover business by introducing new charges, be hold airports bewilder a lot of noise and defile environment. The reason is huge pray for cheap flights, so there argon too many people to use airline services. In my opinion, this intellection is completely wrong, because of several reasons.To get under ones skin with, if there be less(prenominal) people, who feces afford themselves to travel by air, then they provide choose cars and different ground transport, what leave cause a lot more befoulment and traffic jams on the roads. sound compare snow people on one plane and 100 people on 100 cars. It goes without tell that second option is lots more damaging for environment.Moreover, such soluton impart cause dramatical fall in business activity, because people will non be able to guard production performance, visit important meetings and so on. Some people will say that these are just child set-backs, but in fact, we will face the catalyst of new manhood economic recession.Finally, I verify reducing air traffic as a slow-down of progress. If airlines and airports have less financial resources then they will not be able to prevent their development teams. As a result, terra firma will be one-step further from cr immerseing new ways of air travel. Following topics logic, we should start living in lairs and eat with the stick.In conclusion I want to say that services that enjoys owing(p) demand are necessity for people and they became natural part of golf clubs infrastructure. Today many people state that the authorities have to lighten air traffic by introducing new charges, because airports generate a lot of noise and damage environment. The reason is huge demand for cheap flights, so there are too many people to use airline services. In my opinion, this idea is completely wrong, because of several reasons.To begin with, if there be less people, who can afford themselves t o travel by air, then they will choose cars and other ground transport, what will cause a lot more pollution and traffic jams on the roads. Just compare 100 people on one plane and 100 people on 100 cars. It goes without saying that second option is much more damaging for environment.Moreover, such soluton will cause dramatical fall in business activity, because people will not be able to control production performance, visit important meetings and so on. Some people will say that these are just minor set-backs, but in fact, we will face the catalyst of new world economic recession.Finally, I see reducing air traffic as a slow-down of progress. If airlines and airports have less financial resources then they will not be able to maintain their development teams. As a result, world will be one-step further from creating new ways of air travel. Following topics logic, we should start living in lairs and eat with the stick.In conclusion I want to say that services that enjoys great dema nd are essential for people and they became natural part of societys infrastructure.

Manchester Products Essay

Manchester Home expanded household furniture portionby adding market leader PLFD increment of 990 cardinal in PLFD revenues Addition of established gross revenue force, talented design teams PLFDs Signature zeal line very popular with consumers Ability to combine PL design skills with MH technology and manufacturing Manufacturing expertise and ergonomic designs Concerns How to tie-in PLs bold designs with MHs traditionalist style Customer confusion over new grease establish5CS OF THE ACQUISITIONCompany Companies strengths and weaknesses complement eachother5CS OF THE ACQUISITIONCustomers Target consumers ages 34-55 Income over $50K MH consumers are categorized as materialistic elegance PLFD consumers are more fashion-conscious, trend setters Will need a way to reach some(prenominal) customer segments Results from target consumer surveys Low grass loyalty 60% would change mugs High information search Style, design, quality, cherish most important qualities all cove red by MH/PL PL has high stigma awareness, almost double that of MH, will help to co- blot them to raise awareness for MH5CS OF THE ACQUISITIONCollaborators Manchester already has network of sanction distributionchannels, now they shape up access to household distributionchannels through capital of Minnesota Logan. PL sales force has strong ties to leading distributions channels PL strength in upscale furniture stores, specialty stores, department stores surd relationship with buyers Concern over brand name going away, necessary to create a smooth brand transition so consumers make the switch Push strategies important to mannequin strong relationships with distribution network 90% of PL shipments include Purchase Allowances5CS OF THE ACQUISITIONCompetitors Paul Logan was market leader Household furniture manufacturing$36.64 billion in 2004 positive % growth projectionsA mature exertionLarge number of corporate consolidationsLow-cost imports from Asia/Mexico moving into hig her charge levels Domestic companies ready to attack the vulnerability of the new brand and perplex We need strong publicizing and marketing mix Many competitors boast participation owned stores Crucial to leverage our distribution channels to do good market access5CS OF THE ACQUISITIONContext Office furniture sales growth tied to employmentgrowth and new melody formation. Burst of dot.com bubble and recession havedecreased demand for office furniture Rise in teleworking could increase demand for pedestal office Demand for rest home furniture is tied to new homeconstruction and home sales. Innovative and stylish products to bolsterdemand piteous FORWARDANALYSIS OF FUTURE BRANDING OPTIONS Drop the Paul Logan nominate right away Losing their current brand awareness Need to develop customers Strong distribution channel relationships could be damaged Keep apply the Paul Logan evoke for the entire allotted three years Ad agency advises against this option, as they dont want to allocate advertizement dollars to a brand with a three year shelf biography Transition mid-point Leverage the Paul Logan name to build strong brand awareness for Manchester Continue to use the PL name in subtext for 1.5 yrs. conduct consumer seek to reevaluate after this time. Business good word to convert the name ampere-second% to Manchester Home after 1.5 yrs.ANALYSIS OF FUTURE BRANDING OPTIONS Brand name transition First 6 months Manchester Home The New Home forPaul Logan Furniture Following year Manchester Home The Home for PaulLogan Furniture After 1.5 yrs. Conduct consumer research toreevaluate transition Business recommendation is to drop the Paul Logan name Want to ensure the Manchester Home brand has achieved asufficient awareness before removing PLOUR FUTUREADVERTISING STRATEGIESStrong campaign is critical to the mastery of the new brand name $184 million allotted for 2005 Includes national and cooperative advertising for both PLFD and MH productsPush vs. back off MH to allocate more $ towards Push advertising Heavy Push & cast the first 1.5 yrs. Marketing & Communications mix to form long-term company imagePromotional Programs Purchase spareances Recommend amending the planned 2005 marketing expenditures to allow for purchase allowances.Currently based on % of sales Due to brand transition, allocate a fixed amount to advertising to ensure the levels do not dropRECOMMENDATIONS Continue to use the Paul Logan name to leveragebrand awareness and channel partnerships Focus strongly on both Push and Pull strategiesthe first 1.5 yrs. to communicate the acquisition Amend proposed 2005 advertising plan to incorporatemore Push strategies, specifically Purchase Allowancesthat contributed to the success of the PL distributionnetwork After 1.5 yrs., the business goal is to transitionbrand officially to Manchester HomeQUESTIONS?

Perception and Societal Factors

Serenity In Joss Hoedowns Serenity and Firefly, the human race used and polluted the country until it could no longer support life. In order to survive, humanity had to relinquish Earth- That-Was and find a new home. Taking place 500 years in the future, the Chinese and Americans were the main cultures that wipe out survived centuries of time and light- years of travel, they have blended into one culture where speaking English can curtly give way to speaking Chinese as if they were one language. Stereotypes and gladden were mostly observed in Alliance vs..Brownout scenes, and by Jane (Adam Baldwin). The solar ashes that Serenity takes place in is made up of central planets governed by The Alliance, essentially THE government. Some people didnt want to be governed by The Alliance while others welcomed the idea. Thus a war began. Malcolm Reynolds, Captain of the channelise Serenity, fought on the side of the Brownouts. The Alliance won the war and maintained book of the centra l planets while the Babel Brownouts typically settled on the outer lay waste to American old-west type planets, poor, lawless.Ethnocentrism can probably be observed in the crew of Serenity, theyve become a family, weary of outsiders. The Verse is a on the hook(predicate) place. The Alliance and all their riches have built the biggest cities, the biggest buildings, the biggest army, and best applied science including weapons and ships. The crew of Serenity tends to stay clear of Alliance considering the Jobs they take are often illegal. The Alliance is the Role of Power.

Master Harold and the Boys Critical Analysis

Master Harold and the Boys Athol Fugards Master Harold and the Boys is an instant classic that does a superior job at encompassing the complex of racial hierarchies and sundry(a) friendships that existed in South Africa in the mid-20th century. Set in 1950 the trifle follows the free-and-easy lives of its two main protagonists H entirelyy, a white, seventeen year old potent discontented with his schooling, and sur organisation-to-air missile, a middle-aged, black servant of H altogetherys family.During this period the crocked racial structure of Apartheid remained dominant in the nation, first appearancealizing the already understood withdrawal of disenfranchised blacks and privileged whites. These de jur social classifications clearnot however denounce the observable couthie relationship that H tout ensembley and sur example-to-air missile sh ar. With Sam practically having raised Hally referable to the boys drunk for a father the racial tensions of the relationship com e along ab initio to be nonexistent.This all changes during the moment of engagement when the primary feather fence force of the work is revealed Hallys alcoholic father is rumored to be locomote home from the infirmary despite his familys cries against the act. Distraught and trapped amidst his filial duties and disdain for the man who neglected him, the underlying racial tensions of the play come to light with this recognition. In order to compensate for his lack of statement in the situation, Hally subscribes to hurling insults at Sam, who is actively trying to pacify the marauding emotions of a teenage boy to no avail.The audience is left petition themselves the outstanding incertitude Will Hally cross the precariously small beginning between venting his anger and becoming all overtly racist? to a greater extent broadly as well we can submit, What ar the implications of an oppressive racial hierarchy on mixed friendships? Within the text the protagonist Sam appe ars to be the voice of undercoat as well as the primary proponent of peace (Jacobus, 1395).From reprimanding his foil character Willie for beating his wife to restraining himself with saint-like moderateness during the climax, Sam never acts illogically or violently (Jacobus, 1410). Contrarily, Sam displays meddlesome preplanning by relating a report card prior to Hallys fall from gracility that serves only to color the boys discredit after his regrettable act during the climax. The super-objective of Sam at that placefore is to maintain order and harmony in an otherwise higgledy-piggledy household rooted in an already racially oppressive regime.Tactics such as relating a heartfelt memory in the form of a story (distr march), attempting to reason with Hally as to convince him to check his reaction (reasoning), and when all else fails parental-like reprimanding (appeal to authority) all reinforce the image of Sam as a peaceful, rational protagonist. Opposite this cool, colle ctive nature exists our second protagonist Hally. Hosting underlying supremacist ideology, Hally exhibits all of the steamy inconsistencies of a teenage boy along with the inability to properly handle stress.From the point of attack until the moment of engagement one can see examples of Hally talking down to Sam despite the age oddment and authoritative roles between the two. God, youre impossible. I showed it to you in black and white. Its the likes of you that kept the Inquisition in business. Its called bigotry (Jacobus, 1399). The super-objective for this troubled young person is the solidification of authority as to pacify his sense of helplessness repayable to his fathers return.Unable to convince his mother of detaining his father at the hospital for a longer time, Hally slips from the angry boy he once was upon initially hearing the parole into an irate, power-starved child (Jacobus, 1409-1410). This shift in personality hike enforces the dramatic question as Hally ed ges ever closer to the point of no return in his language, chastising Sam and directing his anger towards a true(p) target protected by the racial hierarchy.The introductory incident in Master Harold and the Boys is the moment when Hally receives a call from his mother stating his fathers desire to return home. Eventually convinced of the impossibility and distracted by his school work, the thought nevertheless preoccupies our young protagonists mind, semblance each action and reaction throughout the rest of the play. The moment of engagement is closely married to the introductory incident in this work as the audiences intriguing moment is parallel to Hallys emotional commitment to the idea of his fathers return.Unable to divorce his mind from this pestilent inkling of helplessness, Hallys tone astutelyens considerably as he attempts to solidify his own authority through discourse with Sam coupled with sharp remarks. Dont try to be clever, Sam. It doesnt suit you. Anybody who th inks theres nothing wrong with this world needs to have his head word examined. (Jacobus, 1403). The major peripetie of the work occurs when Hallys mother phones again to confirm his worsened fear his father is adamant about his return home.At this point all civil facades are dashed by Hally in a vapid attempt to solidify his own importance though coupled with the authentic emotional struggle of a young boy at odds with his father. Searching for an outlet the rising action of the play takes a dramatic turn from a slight incline to a steep agglomerate as Hally visibly changes gears from distraught and confused to violently offensive. And Im telling you you dont Nobody does. (Speaking elaborately as his shame turns to rage at Sam. ) Its your turn to be careful, Sam. Very careful Youre trading on dangerous ground. Leave me and my father just (Jacobus, 1409). Here, the author transitions the rising action from its lackadaisical yet worrisome overture to a full sprint towards a disastrous climax as Hally finds a socially acceptable outlet for his rage. During the climax the dramatic question posed is answered Hally indeed steps far over the line into not only overtly racist but derogatory territory, going so far as to spit in Sams face when he attempts to defend himself. Sams super-objective of pacifying the situation is obvious as relations between the two protagonists degrade ever further as Hally relentlessly attacks Sam.From consoling Hally and letting him know he is empathetic to attempting to reason with the rogue boy, Sam cant seem to escape the teenagers ira as Hally goes so far as to grab Sam by the arm and force him to listen to the irate ramblings of a destitute youth. Super-objectives collision as Hally refuses to relent and release his foothold of authority despite victorious the friendship into dangerously precarious territory. Then I have to ask What, chum? and then he says a niggers back tooth and we both have a good laugh. (Jacobus, 1410).At this point the climax is in full swing, but it is not yet complete as Hally console refuses to desist. After suffering enough of the young masters blatantly racist comments Sam decides to show Hally his arse, a reasonable action considering the stunningly distasteful joke just delivered by Hally. Instead of realizing the painfulness he has caused his lifelong guardian, the pious boy kinda spits in the face of Sam in order to further satisfy his authority. Enraged at this disrespectful act, Sam mulls over the idea of striking the boy the delegate him in his place.Realizing the implications of this perceived action (either death or exile), the Basuto servant instead decides to relate the rest of the kite story to Hally, providing details that were previously omitted. It was not due to work that Sam was unable to join Hally on the common bench many years ago it was due to the racist institution of apartheid that barred interracial friendships and meeting points. Framing the entirety of the play, apartheid was the social arrangement in which the nation of South Africa institutionalized racism in 1948.Dividing the major cities into racial sections, the volume ethnicity, blacks, were not allowed to interact with whites other than for work opportunity. Horrendously ladened and misrepresented, the minority of whites controlled nearly every aspect of life for the disenfranchised majority including establishing native provinces in the north to which many blacks were relocated despite having no affiliation with the region. As one can assume the judicial governing body was also heavily skewed in this atmosphere, resulting in most interracial cases being ruled in favor of the rich white minority.It is with this fellowship that one can begin to understand why Sam would take such abuse with no apparent grievance. It is not only due to his love for Hally that he restrains himself, but the racist reality in which the story takes place that drives Sam into t he arms of complacency (Cornwell). This heartfelt relation completely nullifies Hallys defenses as the young boy is left speechless and self-loathing and the fall action of the play leaves the audience stunned. Still impacted by the news of his returning father, Hally now realizes that his senseless pursuit of authority has only brought decrepitude to his most cherished relationship.The arrangement of apartheid introduced a failsafe in which even a powerless white teenager could exert utmost authority over a well-spoken and respectable black man unable to meet his need for power elsewhere Hally instinctively turned towards this hostile system for reassurance rather than to the arms of his oldest comrades. One is left considering the implications of the thematic question what are the implications of an oppressive racial hierarchy on an interracial friendship? The answers are obvious less glamorous than they are pitiable. Works CitedCornwell, Gareth. A teaspoonful of Milk in a Bu cketful of Coffee The Discourse of course Relations in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa. English in Africa 38. 3 (2011) p. 9-33. Belk Library Information Commons. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. http//0-ehis. ebscohost. com. wncln. wncln. org/ehost/detail? sid=c33825fd-b951-4f8c-ac22-a04d51f7a864%40sessionmgr104&vid=1&hid=101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=a9h&AN=72102587 Jacobus, Lee A. Master Harold and the Boys. 2009. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 1394-411. Print.